diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6593456 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# If you prefer the allow list template instead of the deny list, see community template: +# https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/community/Golang/Go.AllowList.gitignore +# +# Binaries for programs and plugins +*.exe +*.exe~ +*.dll +*.so +*.dylib + +# Test binary, built with `go test -c` +*.test + +# Output of the go coverage tool, specifically when used with LiteIDE +*.out + +# Dependency directories (remove the comment below to include it) +# vendor/ + +# Go workspace file +go.work +go.work.sum +./task.txt +task.txt +# env file +.env +./.idea +.idea diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f288702 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE @@ -0,0 +1,674 @@ + GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE + Version 3, 29 June 2007 + + Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + Preamble + + The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for +software and other kinds of works. + + The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed +to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. + + If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided +above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, +reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates +an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the +Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a +copy of the Program in return for a fee. + + END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS + + How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs + + If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest +possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it +free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. + + To do so, attach the following notices to the program. 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If not, see . + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + + If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short +notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: + + Copyright (C) + This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. + This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it + under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. + +The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate +parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands +might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". + + You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, +if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. +For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see +. + + The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program +into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you +may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with +the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General +Public License instead of this License. But first, please read +. diff --git a/episode_1/Linux_lesson1.pdf b/episode_1/Linux_lesson1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f13f82d Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_1/Linux_lesson1.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_1/history.pdf b/episode_1/history.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..123ba3d Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_1/history.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_10-14/lab/Linux_Shell_Handbook_2024.pdf b/episode_10-14/lab/Linux_Shell_Handbook_2024.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b74fe4 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_10-14/lab/Linux_Shell_Handbook_2024.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_10-14/lab/The-Linux-Kernel-Module-Programming-Guide-ru.pdf b/episode_10-14/lab/The-Linux-Kernel-Module-Programming-Guide-ru.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..367a048 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_10-14/lab/The-Linux-Kernel-Module-Programming-Guide-ru.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_10-14/manual/Advanced-Bash-Scripting-Guide.pdf b/episode_10-14/manual/Advanced-Bash-Scripting-Guide.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea63b7e Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_10-14/manual/Advanced-Bash-Scripting-Guide.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_15_16/manual/Podman в действии.pdf b/episode_15_16/manual/Podman в действии.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be148c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_15_16/manual/Podman в действии.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_17/lab/lab_net.md b/episode_17/lab/lab_net.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..310cf2f --- /dev/null +++ b/episode_17/lab/lab_net.md @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +# Лабораторная работа #12 - Cетевые утилиты Linux. + +Вам предстоит изучить утилиты для захвата сетевого трафика, научиться анализировать захваченные пакеты, извлекать из них полезную информацию. + +## Материалы +- [Лабораторная_работа_№_12_Сетевые_утилиты.docx](./Лабораторная_работа_№_12_Сетевые_утилиты.docx) + +## Работа + +Нам потребуется 2 ВМ. Я буду использовать одну [Ubuntu Desktop](https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop#downloads) а вторую [Ubuntu Server](https://ubuntu.com/download/server#downloads) + +Также нам потребуется настроить [**Сеть NAT**](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/blob/main/items/os1/lab6_2/README.md#%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-nat) или любую другую сеть между машинами + + +#### 1. Утилита TCPDump + +Утилита TCPDump представляет собой мощный и популярный инструмент для перехвата и анализа сетевых пакетов. Она позволяет просматривать все входящие и исходящие из определенного интерфейса пакеты и работает в командной строке. Её использование необходимо в случаях, когда невозможно запустить Wireshark, например, в операционных системах без графической оболочки. Данная утилита часто используется для устранения неполадок в сети, а также для обеспечения безопасности. + + +Если tcpdump запустить без параметров, он будет выводить информацию обо всех сетевых пакетах. С помощью параметра -i можно указать сетевой интерфейс, с которого следует принимать данные, например: + +```bash +sudo tcpdump -i enp0s8 +``` + +Чтобы посмотреть названия всех доступных для захвата интерфейсов, нужно запустить `TCPDump` с ключом `-D`. +Для более точной настройки работы `TCPDump` можно использовать один из перечисленных далее параметров, или их комбинацию. +— выводить сокращённую информацию: `-q`; +— выводить подробную информацию: `-v` `-vv` `-vvv` (чем больше v, тем подробнее информация); +— не преобразовывать порты: `-n` (вместо названий, например, http или ftp будут показываться номера, для указанных протоколов: 80 и 21); +— не преобразовывать имена: `-nn` (вместо имён компьютеров, например, UbuntuServer1804 будут показываться их IP-адреса); +— показывать MAC-адреса: `-e`; +— захватить только определённое количество пакетов: `-с количество`; + +Для протокола, чьи пакеты должны захватываться, достаточно указать его название, например: +```bash +tcpdump icmp +``` +или +```bash +tcpdump udp port 53 +``` +Параметр port позволяет ограничить для захватываемого трафика порт или их диапазон. Данный параметр применим только к протоколам `TCP` и `UDP`. +По умолчанию `TCPDump` выводит информацию о захваченных пакетах на экран, однако её можно записывать в файл. Для это используется параметр `-w`: +```bash +tcpdump -w /home/student/1.cap +``` +Полученный в результате файл имеет формат, совместимый с `Wireshark` и может быть в дальнейшем проанализирован в данной программе с использованием более наглядного графического интерфейса, а также широких возможностей по созданию фильтров и подсчёту статистики. + +#### 1.1. С помощью утилиты TCPDump захватите и выведите на экран информацию из входящих пакетов протоколов HTTP и ICMP. + +```bash +tcpdump "icmp or (port 80 or port 443)" +``` + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/b7c30b7c-3aa7-40f9-b146-08f0b8513d34) + +Со 2й ВМ выполните `ping -c 3` и `curl ` +Также чтобы захватить `http`, можете открыть в web браузере любой вебсайт + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/d30d7626-7050-4936-8fb6-4801450bc2ce) + + +#### 1.2. С помощью утилиты TCPDump захватите и запишите в файл трафик, передаваемый виртуальной машиной с Ubuntu Server в процессе обращения к ней по протоколу HTTP и выполнения команды ping. + +Действия как и в П.1.1, но добавляется параметр для сохранения результата `... -w /home/jkearnsl/supadump.cap` + +```bash +tcpdump "icmp or (port 80 or port 443)" -w /home/jkearnsl/supadump.cap +``` + +#### 2. Wireshark + +Wireshark — программа-анализатор трафика для компьютерных сетей Ethernet и некоторых других. Имеет графический пользовательский интерфейс. +Позволяет анализировать шифрованный/незашифрованный трафик, дешифровать шифрованный график (при наличии сертификата) + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/a4bd0224-8f4f-42c2-9f92-4b4198189f00) + + +##### Установка + +```bash +sudo apt-get install wireshark +``` + +```bash +sudo dpkg-reconfigure wireshark-common +``` + +```bash +sudo adduser $USER wireshark +``` + +##### Запуск + +```bash +wireshark +``` + +#### 2.1. Передайте полученный трафик на виртуальную машину с десктопной версией Linux и установленной программой Wireshark. + +Нажмите: `Файл` --> `Открыть` + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/5c0deb2c-7270-4422-a711-8586dfe901bb) + +--> `<выберите файл, который мы сохранили в П.1.2>` --> `Открыть` + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/bb9a4d1e-282d-4c54-b53b-f0fbf0a58632) + + +#### 2.2. С использованием Wireshark выделите из общего трафика отдельно HTTP и отдельно ICMP-пакеты. + +В wireshark есть фильтр, вбиваем туда `icmp or http` чтобы отобразить только `icmp` и `http` протоколы. + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/a5d74a89-76ac-4be5-876d-36bc790cc564) + +#### 2.3. Определите все протоколы а также, все MAC-адреса, чьи пакеты присутствуют в захваченном трафике. + +Нажмите: `Статистика` --> `Иерархия Протоколов` + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/d695fd58-c9f6-4beb-9c32-738940b16309) + +Нажмите: `Статистика` --> `Диалоги` + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/d234f201-4fe1-4e75-8cf8-ec0506540da4) + + +#### 2.4. Определите все IP-адреса, которые присутствуют в захваченном трафике. + +Нажмите: `Статистика` --> `IPv4 Statistics` --> `All Addresses` + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/5e064b23-d70c-492f-acee-4c481d413ad5) + +Тут продемонстрированы все уникальные ipv4 которые участвовали в трафике + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/34f50bdb-918f-4bd9-931a-643ad3a36e11) + + +#### 2.5. Определите все запрашиваемые доменные имена. + +Нажмите: `Статистика` --> `HTTP` --> `Запросы` + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/61a9b760-e3a9-4658-ae66-d969721f05b8) + + +PS: возможно есть лучший метод, чем предлагаю я + +#### 3. NMap + +nmap — свободная утилита, предназначенная для разнообразного настраиваемого сканирования IP-сетей с любым количеством объектов, определения состояния объектов сканируемой сети. +Ключевой информацией является «таблица важных портов». + +Эта таблица содержит номер порта, протокол, имя службы и состояние. Состояние может иметь значение `open` (открыт), `filtered` (фильтруется), `closed` (закрыт) или `unfiltered` (не фильтруется). Открыт означает, что приложение на целевой машине готово для установки соединения/принятия пакетов на этот порт. Фильтруется означает, что брандмауэр, сетевой фильтр, или какая-то другая помеха в сети блокирует порт, и Nmap не может установить открыт этот порт или закрыт. Закрытые порты не связаны ни с каким приложением, но могут быть открыты в любой момент. Порты расцениваются как не фильтрованные, когда они отвечают на запросы Nmap, но Nmap не может определить открыты они или закрыты. Nmap выдает комбинации открыт|фильтруется и закрыт|фильтруется, когда не может определить, какое из этих двух состояний описывает порт. Эта таблица также может предоставлять детали о версии программного обеспечения, если это было указано при запуске сканирования. + +Использование NMap заключается в выполнении команды: +```bash +nmap [<Тип сканирования>] [<Опции>] {<цель сканирования>} +``` +Тип сканирования определяет используемые пакеты и подход к интерпретации результата. Для протокола TCP можно задать один или несколько из следующих типов сканирования: +- `-sS` — TCP SYN; +- `-sT` — TCP connect; +- `-sN`; `-sF`; `-sX` — NULL, FIN и Xmas; +- `-sA` — TCP ACK; +- `-sW` — TCP Window; +- `-sM` — TCP сканирование Мэймона. + +Подробнее про их различие можно прочитать в официальной русскоязычной [документации](https://nmap.org/man/ru/man-port-scanning-techniques.html). Чем больше типов сканирования выбрано при запуске команды, тем дольше оно будет осуществляться. +Для сканирования UDP-портов необходимо использовать параметр `-sU`. +По умолчанию NMap проверяет только первую тысячу портов (от 1 до 1000). При необходимости изменить данный диапазон можно использовать параметр `-p`, например: +```bash +nmap -sU -p 520 172.16.0.1-254 +``` +В представленной команде указывается сканировать только UDP-порт `520` на всех узлах с адресами от `172.16.0.1` до `172.16.0.254`. +Возможен и противоположный вариант, например, сканировать все TCP-порты от 1 до 65535 на одном узле с адресом `10.0.0.1`: +```bash +nmap -sS -p 1-65535 10.0.0.1 +``` +Последний параметр называется целью сканирования и определяет множество адресов, для которых должно выполняться сканирование. В нём допустимо указывать: +— единичный IP адрес: `nmap 192.168.1.1` +— доменное имя узла: `nmap donstu.local` +— множество IP-адресов: `nmap 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3` +— диапазон IP-адресов: `192.168.1.1-254` +— подсеть: `192.168.1.0/24` + +NMap имеет множество дополнительных опций, обеспечивающих широкие возможности сбора информации о сети. Среди них: +- `-sV` — детальное исследование портов для определения версий служб; +- `-O` — определять операционную систему. +Для упрощения использования `NMap` для неё существует официальный графический интерфейс — `ZenMap`. + +#### 3.1 Просканируйте какую-либо сеть (реальную или виртуальную) с целью определить операционные системы оборудования, входящего в неё, наличие других сетевых сервисов, используемые служебные сетевые протоколы (например DHCP или протоколы маршрутизации). + +```bash +nmap -A -p- +``` + +В моем случае: + +```bash +nmap -A -p- 10.0.2.1-255 +``` + +![image](https://github.com/xarll/vpr/assets/76239707/e187d354-e91e-4d68-92b5-c725180f9c58) + + +Это занимает какое-то время (у меня несколько минут) + + +## Контрольные вопросы + +> 1. Что такое `TCPDump`? + +Утилита, представляющая собой инструмент для перехвата и анализа сетевых пакетов + +> 2. Приведите примеры нескольких фильтров для `TCPDump`. +- `icmp` +- `tcp or icmp` +- `port 20` + +> 3. Как проанализировать трафик, захваченный с помощью TCPDump в Wireshark? + +Сохранить трафик с помощью параметра `-w ` и открыть в wireshark + +> 4. Какая статистика может быть получена в Wireshark для сетевого трафика? + +Всяка-разная: от списка ip/mac/domain, до структурированного содержания данных пакета + +> 5. Что такое NMap и ZenMap? + +`NMap` - CLI утилита для сканирования сетей/узлов. `ZenMap` - её графический аналог + +> 6. Что является результатом работы NMap/ZenMap? + +Результатом работы является список просканированных целей с дополнительной информацией по каждой из них в зависимости от заданных опций. Ключевой информацией является «таблица важных портов». + +> 7. Что означает «открытый», «закрытый» и «фильтруемый» порт? +- open (открыт) - Означает, что приложение на целевой машине готово для установки соединения/принятия пакетов на этот порт +- closed (закрыт) - Закрытые порты не связаны ни с каким приложением, но могут быть открыты в любой момент +- filtered (фильтруется) - Фильтруется означает, что брандмауэр, сетевой фильтр, или какая-то другая помеха в сети блокирует порт, и Nmap не может установить открыт этот порт или закрыт. +- unfiltered - Когда nmap получает их, но не может определить + +*Авторство: **Бояршинов Н.О*** diff --git a/episode_17/manual/13.net.pdf b/episode_17/manual/13.net.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c46cb43 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_17/manual/13.net.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_17/manual/OSI и сетевой стек.pdf b/episode_17/manual/OSI и сетевой стек.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..447b60f Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_17/manual/OSI и сетевой стек.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_2/Linux_lesson2.pdf b/episode_2/Linux_lesson2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f131b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_2/Linux_lesson2.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_2/Linux_practic2.pdf b/episode_2/Linux_practic2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce30d34 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_2/Linux_practic2.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_3/linux_lesson3.pdf b/episode_3/linux_lesson3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe0d955 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_3/linux_lesson3.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_4/Linux_lesson4.pdf b/episode_4/Linux_lesson4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cb27f0 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_4/Linux_lesson4.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_4/for_reading.md b/episode_4/for_reading.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..391b06c --- /dev/null +++ b/episode_4/for_reading.md @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +[Перенаправление ввода/вывода в Linux](https://selectel.ru/blog/tutorials/linux-redirection/) + +[Устройство подсистемы TTY](https://wandrien.github.io/articles/tty/) diff --git a/episode_5/manual/if.pdf b/episode_5/manual/if.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0db8815 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_5/manual/if.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_6/manual/for.pdf b/episode_6/manual/for.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..52eb65f Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_6/manual/for.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_7/code/bash.sh b/episode_7/code/bash.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..db7b0c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/episode_7/code/bash.sh @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +function outer() { + local count=0 + inner() { + count=$(($count + 1)) + echo $count + } + } + +outer +inner +inner +inner +#fn=`outer` +##echo $fn +#count=`$fn` +#echo $count + +#res=outer +#cout=`res` + + +#decorator() { +# echo "Code block befor call function" +# res=$($1 20 100) +# echo "Code block code call function" +#} +## +#decorator summ +#echo $res + + + + + +#p_internakCall() { +# echo $0 +# echo $(($1 + $2 )) +# +# g_int=200 +# local l_foo='error' +# echo 'Вызов HTTP сервера GET' +#} +# +#p_internakCall 123 17 +#echo $l_foo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/episode_7/code/task.sh b/episode_7/code/task.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..399fbc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/episode_7/code/task.sh @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +#!/bin/bash +#set -x +#echo "Hello, World!" + +files=(*) +for file in "${files[@]}"; do + echo "$file" +done + +#var1='A' +#var2='B' +my_function () { + echo "First argument is $1" + echo "Second argument is $2" + local var1='C' + var2='D' + echo "Inside function: var1: $var1, var2: $var2" + echo 'aaaaa' + g_result_git=( 2 3 4 5 ) +} + +befor_call(){ + echo "befor_call" +} + +after_call(){ + echo "after_call" +} + +decarator(){ + befor_call + echo `$1` + res=`$1` + after_call +} + + +closure(){ + local count=1 + increment() { + count=$((count + 1)) + } + echo 'increment' +} + +res=$(closure) +echo `$res` + +#decarator 'my_function' +#echo ${g_result_git[@]} + + + + + + +#echo "Before executing function: var1: $var1, var2: $var2" +#echo "After executing function: var1: $var1, var2: $var2" +#fn="my_function" diff --git a/episode_7/manual/git.pdf b/episode_7/manual/git.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a8ec4c Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_7/manual/git.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_9/10.proc.pdf b/episode_9/10.proc.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d9c6e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_9/10.proc.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_9/Linux_lesson.pdf b/episode_9/Linux_lesson.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c05077c Binary files /dev/null and b/episode_9/Linux_lesson.pdf differ diff --git a/episode_9/link.py b/episode_9/link.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fa595b --- /dev/null +++ b/episode_9/link.py @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/satorutakeuchi/how-linux-works-chapter1-linux-overview-part1-3g61 \ No newline at end of file